Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 21, 2006 aku nak beli PC nie.jadi, aku nak tanya korang.Kelajuan CPU bergantung kepada ape ? Frekuansinya ke yang x.xGHZ tu.Cache tu ape guna nye ?.Dan bagaimane nak cam CPU tu laju ? .tolong terangkan Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
bata 0 Report post Posted August 22, 2006 CPU = central processing unit.so kelajuannye bergantung kpd kesemua komponen2 penting di dalamnye termasuklah processor, RAM dan hard disk~~~p/s: ahahah ^^Chow. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
frostmourne 1 Report post Posted August 22, 2006 aku nak beli PC nie.jadi, aku nak tanya korang.Kelajuan CPU bergantung kepada ape ? Frekuansinya ke yang x.xGHZ tu.Cache tu ape guna nye ?.Dan bagaimane nak cam CPU tu laju ? .tolong terangkan buat masa ni, intel core2duo yg paling laju.. lebih2 lagi conroe extreme..tentang Ghz pula, tak semestinya yg lagi tinggi tu lagi laju, bergantung plak kepada fsb dan cache..nak terangkan detail aku tak tau sgt, tapi aku faham utk diri aku sendiri.. anyway, tunggu laa otai2 jawab.. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 22, 2006 Tolong lah terang pada ku tentang "Cache"and "FSB" tu !!!!!!!.Aku xtau ape ape ttg cache &fsb tu ???.Tolong le kawan !!! Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ajkr06 0 Report post Posted August 22, 2006 (edited) Tolong lah terang pada ku tentang "Cache"and "FSB" tu !!!!!!!.Aku xtau ape ape ttg cache &fsb tu ???.Tolong le kawan !!! Yang ni ada sedikit penerangan pasal FSB (Sys.Bus) Tapi dlm BI, harap awk faham : Dapat dari WikipediaIn computers, the front side bus (FSB) is a term for the physical bi-directional data bus that carries all electronic signal information between the central processing unit (CPU) and other devices within the system such as random access memory (RAM), the memory containing the system BIOS, AGP video cards, PCI expansion cards, hard disks, etc.Some computers have an L2 or L3 memory cache external to the CPU connected via a back side bus. This bus and the cache memory connected to it is faster than accessing the system RAM via the front side bus.Current usageMost modern front side buses serve as a backbone between the CPU and a chipset. This chipset (usually a combination of a northbridge and a southbridge) is the connection point for all other buses in the system. The PCI, AGP, and memory buses all connect to the chipset to allow for data to flow between the connected devices.These secondary system buses usually run at speeds derived from the front side bus' speed. In general, a faster front side bus means higher processing speeds and a faster computer for a number of reasons which are outlined below.[edit]Related Component Speeds[edit]CPUThe frequency at which a processor (CPU) operates is determined by applying a clock multiplier to the front side bus (FSB) speed. For example, a processor running at 550 MHz might be using a 100 MHz FSB. This means there is an internal clock multiplier setting of 5.5; the CPU is set to run at 5.5 times frequency of the front side bus: 100 MHz x 5.5 = 550 MHz. By varying either the FSB or the multiplier, different CPU speeds can be achieved.[edit]MemorySetting a FSB speed is related directly to the speed grade of memory that a system must use. The memory bus connects the northbridge and RAM, just as the frontside bus connects the CPU and northbridge. Often, these two buses must operate at the same frequency. Pushing the front-side bus to 170 MHz means pushing the memory to 170 MHz in most cases.In newer systems, it is possible to see memory ratios of "5:4" and the like. The bus will run 5/4 faster than the memory in this situation, meaning a 200 MHz bus can run with the memory at only 160 MHz. With bus speeds increasing rapidly, it may be necessary to run the RAM at a lower frequency than the system bus in order to stay within the limitations of the DRAM modules on the memory stick. This incurs a performance penalty, but it allows slower RAM to be used with the faster bus speeds that some processors were designed for.In complex image, audio, video, gaming, and scientific applications where the data set is large, FSB speed becomes a major performance issue. A slow FSB will cause the CPU to spend significant amounts of time waiting for data to arrive from system memory.Peripheral BusesSimilar to the memory bus, the PCI and AGP buses can also be run asynchronously from the front side bus. In older systems, these buses operated at a set fraction of the frontside bus frequency. This fraction was set by the BIOS, and it depended on the frontside bus speed to an extent as the intended speeds for the buses are 33 MHz for PCI and 66 MHz for AGP.In newer systems the PCI, AGP, and PCI Express peripheral buses often receive their own clock signals, which eliminates their dependence on the frontside bus for timing.OverclockingOverclocking is the practice of making computer components operate beyond their stock performance levels.Most motherboards allow the user to manually set the clock multiplier and FSB settings by changing jumpers or BIOS settings. Many CPU manufacturers now "lock" a preset multiplier setting into the chip. It is possible to unlock some locked CPUs; for instance, some Athlons can be unlocked by connecting electrical contacts across points on the CPU's surface. For all processors, increasing the FSB speed can be done to boost processing speed.This practice does push components beyond their specifications and may cause erratic behavior or premature failure.Some sample FSB frequencies and bandwidthsProcessor Class FSB Frequency FSB Type Theoretical Bandwidth Pentium II 66/100 MHz GTL+ 533/800 MB/s Pentium III 100/133 MHz GTL+ 800/1066 MB/s Pentium 4* 100/133/200 MHz AGTL+ 3200/4266/6400 MB/s Pentium M* 100/133 MHz AGTL+ 3200/4266 MB/s Pentium D* 133/200 MHz AGTL+ 4266/6400 MB/s Pentium 4 EE* 200/266 MHz AGTL+ 6400/8533 MB/s Intel Core* 133/166 MHz AGTL+ 4266/5333 MB/s Intel Core 2* 200/266 MHz AGTL+ 6400/8533 MB/s Xeon - P6 core 100/133 MHz GTL+ 800/1066 MB/s Xeon* - Netburst core 100/133/166/200/266 MHz AGTL+ 3200/4266/5333/6400/8533 MB/s Xeon* - Woodcrest core 266/333 MHz AGTL+(with Dual Independent Buses) 17066/21333 MB/s Athlon** 100/133 MHz EV6 1600/2133 MB/s Athlon XP** 133/166/200 MHz EV6 2133/2666/3200 MB/s Athlon 64/FX/Opteron*** 600/800/1000 MHz Hypertransport 7500/12800/14400 MB/s PowerPC 970**** 450/500/625 MHz Elastic 7200/8000/10000 MB/s Notes:* - Pentium 4, Pentium M, Pentium D, Pentium EE, Xeon, Intel Core, and Intel Core 2 processors use a front side bus that transfers data four times per cycle** - Athlon and Athlon XP processors use a front side bus that transfers data twice per cycle (Double data rate)*** - Athlon 64, FX, and Opteron processors have a memory controller on the CPU die, which replaces the traditional FSB. The bus specifications given here are for the HyperTransport link and memory bandwidth.**** - PowerPC 970 processors use a front side bus that transfers data twice per cycle (Double data rate) HistoryThe frontside bus has been a part of computer architecture since applications first started using more memory than a CPU (a very complex integrated circuit) could reasonably hold.The front side bus as it is traditionally known may be disappearing. Originally, this bus was a central connecting point for all system devices and the CPU. However, in recent years this has been breaking down with increasing use of individual point-to-point buses.Three recent bus technologies are GTL+, EV6, and HyperTransport. Each bus is unique in how it moves data within the system between the CPU and devices.GTL+/AGTL+ BusDesigned by Intel for the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III CPUs, as well as Xeons based on these cores (GTL+) Redesigned for the Pentium 4 as well as Xeons on the same cores (AGTL+) So-called because it uses GTL+ signalling VIA's C3, C7, and Epia CPUs use these buses and are often interchangeable with Intel CPUs A "shared" bus, meaning that all CPUs compete over the same physical connection for the bus' bandwidth. EV6 BusDesigned by DEC (now part of HP) for use with their Alpha EV6 CPUs Licensed by AMD for their Athlon and Athlon XP line of CPUs A point-to-point protocol connecting each CPU to the northbridge, meaning that each CPU has a dedicated connection to the device. HyperTransportDesigned largely by AMD in conjunction with the HyperTransport Consortium A point-to-point serial connction used by AMD for their Athlon 64, Athlon FX, Athlon X2, and Opteron processors. Not technically a front side bus. The HyperTransport connection connects AMD CPUs to the rest of the system. Also, these CPUs use it as the baseline to which the internal clock multiplier is applied. Both of these functions were traditionally performed by the frontside bus. On AMD-64 CPUs, the frontside bus, which connects the CPU to the northbridge, has been removed in favor of an on-die memory controller which communicates with RAM directly.So, the conclusion is :AMD guna HyperTransportIntel guna Quad-Pumped FSB ( 133x4) dapat 533 MHz @ 200x4 dpt 800MHzYang ni pulak sedikit info pasal cache : Dapat dari wikipedia.comA CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations. As long as most memory accesses are to cached memory locations, the average latency of memory accesses will be closer to the cache latency than to the latency of main memory.The diagram to the right shows two memories. Each location in each memory has a datum (a cache line), which in different designs ranges in size from 8 to 512 bytes. The size of the cache line is usually larger than the size of the usual access requested by a CPU instruction, which ranges from 1 to 16 bytes. Each location in each memory also has an index, which is a unique number used to refer to that location. The index for a location in main memory is called an address. Each location in the cache has a tag, which contains the index of the datum in main memory which has been cached. In a CPU's data cache, these entries are called cache lines or cache blocks.When the processor wishes to read or write a location in main memory, it first checks whether that memory location is in the cache. This is accomplished by comparing the address of the memory location to all tags in the cache that might contain that address. If the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache, we say that a cache hit has occurred, otherwise we speak of a cache miss. In the case of a cache hit, the processor immediately reads or writes the data in the cache line. The proportion of accesses that result in a cache hit is known as the hit rate, and is a measure of the effectiveness of the cache.In the case of a cache miss, most caches allocate a new entry, which comprises the tag just missed and a copy of the data from memory. The reference can then be applied to the new entry just as in the case of a hit. Misses are slow because they require the data to be transferred from main memory. This transfer incurs a delay since main memory is much slower than cache memory Edited August 22, 2006 by Ajkr06 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
pinggan 1 Report post Posted August 22, 2006 Ajkr06...dah macam tesis... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Balthazor 1 Report post Posted August 22, 2006 aku nak beli PC nie.jadi, aku nak tanya korang.Kelajuan CPU bergantung kepada ape ? Frekuansinya ke yang x.xGHZ tu.Cache tu ape guna nye ?.Dan bagaimane nak cam CPU tu laju ? .tolong terangkan FSB: tu bermaksud kelajuan processor berkomunikasi ngan PCI/AGP/RAM dll.........lagi besar lagi bagus..... tetapi AMD processor dah x pakai FSB dia pakai HypertRansport (HTT) dah cecah 1GHZ..........kalo ko enable DUAL CHANNEL leh cecah 2GHZ!!!!!!HTT(depending pada Proc dan mobo)Cache:bermaksud storan semasa sebelum data dihantar pada RAM......dlm unit kiraan 256KB~4MBL2...........ini kalo ko jenis multitasking ko leh beli(depending pada Proc)Dual Core:bermaksud 2 Physical processor avaible in single chip.......pastu the both processor ade dedicated memory L2 cache (AMD ngan Intel pun dah gune setakat ni)SSe3:Single Streaming Extension 3......sebahagian set arahan yg ade dlm processor...........tujuan handle multimedia tanpa membebankan processor...........................p;s?kalo penerangan aku salah sila betulkan................. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
sharemalaysia 6 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 fsb jer yang menentukan kelajuan pc..tapi kalo overall perfomance tu memang kene tengok hardwere yang ko guna,dan ghz yang tinggi..tapi untuk kegunaan multitasking yang paling penting adalah GHZ yang tinggi..untuk kestabilan...fsb yang tinggi biasanya tak stabil...tapi cukup kuat untuk aplikasi video,graphic, game...tapi bukak satu2 la takleh bukat serentak takut fsb tu jadik tak stabil..p.s//fsb yang tinggi tidak dikira sebagai overall kelajuan pc tetapi ghz yang tinggi yang menentukannya walaupun fsb tinggi tu nampak cam laju jer.. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Navigator® 6 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Atually banyak yang memainkan peranan dalam tahap perfomance sesebuah PC .induk utama ialah Processor . Biasanya orang nakkan nilai frenkuensi yang berada tahap kepuasan maximum . Anda mahukan kelajuan dari segi apa? . Video editing ?, Games Graphic? , Photo Editing? .kalau Games perfomance anda memerlukan high perfomance Graphic Card . Video editing pula memerlukan ruangan Hard Disk yang besar dan Ram yang cukup tinggi begitu juga dengan Photo Editing yang memakan ruang Primary Memory tinggi . p/s: just skupang dua kupang my opinion. ^^ jika ada silap salah tlg betulkan Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 (edited) FSB: tu bermaksud kelajuan processor berkomunikasi ngan PCI/AGP/RAM dll.........lagi besar lagi bagus..... tetapi AMD processor dah x pakai FSB dia pakai HypertRansport (HTT) dah cecah 1GHZ..........kalo ko enable DUAL CHANNEL leh cecah 2GHZ!!!!!!HTT(depending pada Proc dan mobo)AMD processor x guna FSB? guna HyperTransport plak? pebende ni?... Edited August 27, 2006 by lanuncyber Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Aku pun xfaham ape hypersport nie ? ? ? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Aku pun xfaham ape hypersport nie ? ? ? AMD HyperTransportâ„¢ Technology- HyperTransport technology is a high-speed, low latency, point-to-point link designed to increase the communication speed between integrated circuits in computers, servers, embedded systems, and networking and telecommunications equipment up to 48 times faster than some existing technologies.- HyperTransport technology helps reduce the number of buses in a system, which can reduce system bottlenecks and enable today's faster microprocessors to use system memory more efficiently in high-end multiprocessor systems.- HyperTransport technology is designed to: o Provide significantly more bandwidth than current technologies o Use low-latency responses and low pin counts o Maintain compatibility with legacy PC buses while being extensible to new SNA (Systems Network Architecture) buses. o Appear transparent to operating systems and offer little impact on peripheral drives.- HyperTransport technology was invented at AMD with contributions from industry partners and is managed and licensed by the HyperTransport Technology Consortium, a Texas non-profit corporation. The full specification and more information about HyperTransport technology can be found at HyperTransport.org.HyperTransport is a licensed trademark of the HyperTransport Technology Consortium.sumber: www.amd.com Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Aku masih xfaham la.Cuba convert to BM Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 penerangan lebih mudah:HyperTransportâ„¢ technology is a high speed, high performance chip-to-chip interconnect primarily intended for use on a system board within distances of up to 24 inches. The specification has been proposed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and is promoted by the Hypertransport Consortium. HyperTransportâ„¢ technology is designed to transfer data at 6.4 Gigabytes per second.rujukan terms:www.mcsx.co.ukThe Integrated Graphics Tunnel in AMD's Hypertransport architecture for Hammer CPU's allows transfers with up to 6.4GB'ssumber: www.tomshardware.com...penerangan ttg HyperTransport dlm bentuk gambarajah:Arkitektur AMD 'Hammer':HyperTransport:... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
frostmourne 1 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 good job lanuncyber.. tapi, tak sume org faham.. kene tambah penerangan dr ko sket2.. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Maknanya yg aku faham HTT nie ialah penghantaran data ke chip ke chip seperti proc ke PCI,Proc ke Gc.Macam tu ker lanuncyber ? ? ? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 cpu adelah kapla otak kpd sistem.segala benda yg cpu nak proses mesti amik dr RAM, sbb sume data nak di-execute dari HD antar ke RAM dulu.cpu berinteraksi dgn sume benda dlm sistem melalui I/O chip, iaitu Nortbridge dan Southbridge.pebende Northbridge dan Southbridge ni? ni adlh chipset2 yg korang tgk kat kotak mobo tu la... kalau nVidia: nForce 2, nForce 4, nForce 550 la, 570 la, 590 la.kalau Intel: 965 la, 975 la,... tu sume adlh I/O chipset.pentingnye I/O chipset ni kerana diorang ni yg berkomunikasi dengan AGP, PCI, PCI-e, keyboard, mouse, printer dan sbgnye.sume tindakan dpd hardware akan dibawak ke I/O chipset dulu (contoh: keyboard, mouse), pastu antar ke CPU, dpt arahan dpd CPU, hantar balik tindakan ke hardware (contoh: cursor bergerak, display pd monitor).dlm kes HyperTransport, sblm ade HyperTransport, sume interaksi I/O chipset-hardware mempunyai bus masing2.tp dgn HyperTransport, ntah pekejadah teknologinya, aku pun xtau, dia mengurangkan jumlah bus yg ade, sekaligus mengurangkan kesesakan interaksi I/O chipset-hardware, menggantikannya dgn satu Hyper Bus yg lagi power.ini mmbolehkan, interaksi I/O chipset-hardware-cpu menjadi lebih pantas, sekaligus meningkatkan performance sistem.nak senang paham:- kes A: 3 jalan sehala masuk ke satu pintu untuk masuk bandar- kes B: satu highway 3 lanes, masuk ke satu pintu untuk masuk bandarmane lagi laju, A ke B?- kes A: masuk bergilir-gilir, pastu sangkut, ni yg dikatakan bottleneck- kes B: sekali arung, 3 masuk sekali, 3 masuk sekali, xde sangkut2bleh paham ke?... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
sarge 1 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 tlg jgn OFF topik.jgn campur casing la HSF laa.. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 kitorang off topic ke sarge? sori sori...... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Aku dah paham sket2 .Terima kasih banyak2.Jadi Teknolobi Hypertransport nie bagus la daripade FSB nie ? ? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 bukan soal sape lg bagus. FSB tetap kene ade, ade keje dia. HyperTransport ade keje dia.FSB adlh bus yg digunakan oleh cpu utk berinteraksi dgn sistem.FSB tinggi = performance tinggiHyperTransport adlh teknologi utk bantu sistem bus yg lebih laju antara I/O chipset-hardware, supaya bleh cope up dgn kehendak cpu, utk memenuhi kehendak FSB.aku guna bahasa pasar je la. guna yg techy kang payah lak nak paham...... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Ok ! skrg aku dah paham.Ko nie memeng terrarlah pasal PC nie.Mane ko Kursus ? ko ngaji kat MMU ker ? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 ngaji kat UPM.xpayah kursus. banyak baca, banyak tanya org. yg penting, kalau xtau, terima nasihat @ idea org yg tau. jgn terus slam org tu bodoh la, ape la...hehehe... peace!... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Hafeez 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 Maafla lanuncyber ,, aku nak mintak maaf ngan ko.Ko maafkan aku ker.Ko ader e-mail address ke ?.PC ko pkai Hardware ape high performance ke?.Ko gune internet kat mane ? laju ker ?. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
lanuncyber 0 Report post Posted August 27, 2006 ko tgk je profile aku. kat ctu ade detail, e-mail ke, ape ke, aku xnak pos kat cni. nanti off topic.nk tanya ape2, PM atau e-mail je.... Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
